طراحی مدل قراردادهای هوشمند مبتنی بر رمز ریال در صنایع خودروسازی ایران

رضا  نظری نسب; سیروس بالایی پاکدهی; رخساره  باباجعفری اسفندآبادی

Authors

Reza Nazari nasab Department of Industrial Management, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-6204
Sirous Balaei Pakdehi Department of Industrial Management, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4141-0589
Rokhsareh Babajafari Esfandabadi Department of Business Management, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-6204

Keywords:

Smart contracts, Rial cryptocurrency, automotive industry

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to design and validate a smart contract model based on Rial cryptocurrency in Iranian automotive industries by identifying the structural relationships, hierarchical levels, and key components of the proposed model.

Methodology: This applied study used a quantitative exploratory design. The statistical population consisted of experts in Rial cryptocurrency, smart contracts, financial technologies, and the automotive industry. Participants were selected through non-random purposive sampling. Based on expertise criteria, including mastery of smart contract management and cryptocurrencies, a master’s degree or higher, and more than ten years of professional experience, 25 experts participated in the study. Data were collected through library studies, document analysis, and an expert questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert judgment, and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis.

Findings: The structural analysis identified 41 components classified into six main categories. The causal, contextual, and intervening categories each included 7 components; the central category included 9 components; and the strategy and consequence categories each included 4 components. The ISM results placed the identified components across 16 structural levels, indicating a complex hierarchical pattern among the factors affecting the implementation of Rial-based smart contracts. MICMAC analysis showed that no component was located in the autonomous cluster, while the remaining components were distributed across dependent, linkage, and independent clusters. The content validity ratio was 1 for all main categories, and the content validity index was 0.86, confirming the acceptable content validity of the model. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.87, indicating satisfactory reliability of the research instrument.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that implementing Rial cryptocurrency-based smart contracts in Iranian automotive industries requires an integrated combination of technological infrastructure, digital security, legal and regulatory support, specialized human resources, contractual transparency, validation mechanisms, trust-building, and risk management. The proposed model provides an operational framework for policymakers, automotive manufacturers, banks, and regulatory institutions seeking to design, evaluate, and implement Rial-based smart contracts in industrial and financial transactions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abizadeh, A., Fathi, Z., & Minooei, M. (2022). Access control in financial smart contracts using digital identity management and machine learning to facilitate Internet of Things exchanges. Financial Knowledge of Securities Analysis, 15(53), 111-122.

Adeli, O. A., & Maleki, M. H. (2026). A Framework for Identifying and Analyzing Drivers affecting the Future of Smart Contracts in the Banking Industry. Islamic Economics and Banking, 14(50), 261-287.

Akbari Ganjeh, S., Mousavi, S. A., & Heidarzadeh, K. (2022). Designing a smart contract model for service level agreement with a digital transformation strategy based on grounded theory. Business Reviews, 20(116), 75-100.

Baashar, Y., Ahmed Alkahtani, A., Hashim, W., Azlin Razali, R., & Kiong Tiong, S. (2021). Toward blockchain technology in the energy environment. Sustainability, 13(16), 23-42.

Becky. (2020, 2020/10/30). The Bank of Japan looks to start testing a national cryptocurrency. https://www.coininsider.com/the-bank-of-japan-looks-to-start-testing-a-national-cryptocurrency/

Chod, H. (2023). Product market competition with crypto tokens and smart contracts. Journal of Financial Economics, 149(1), 122-159.

Dehghani Tafti, M., Afzali Mehr, M., & Eskini, R. (2021). A comparative study of the governing law of digital smart contracts from the perspective of private international law in the Iranian legal system and Rome I Regulation. Law of New Technologies, 2(4), 203-225.

Dehghani Tafti, M., Afzali Mehr, M., & Eskini, R. (2022). A comparative study of the legal requirements for designing digital smart contracts in Iranian and French law. Comparative Law Research Quarterly, 6(2), 29-51.

Euromoney, L. (2021). What is blockchain? https://www.euromoney.com/learning/blockchain-explained/what-is-blockchain

Feng, H., Wang, X., Duan, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2020). Applying blockchain technology to improve agri-food traceability: A review of development methods, benefits and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121031.

Ibrahim, R., Harby, A. A., Nashwan, M. S., & Elhakeem, A. (2022). Financial contract administration in construction via cryptocurrency blockchain and smart contract: A proof of concept. Buildings, 12(8), 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081072

Jomehzadeh Bahabadi, K., & Savaraei, P. (2024). Arbitration of disputes related to smart contracts. Law of New Technologies, 5(9), 55-71.

Kamalinejad, F., Kalantari, A., Kharrat, Y., & Bahram Arjmand, M. (2022a). Methods of using smart contracts in the cryptocurrency market. Management, Economics and Entrepreneurship Studies.

Kamalinejad, F., Kalantari, A., Kharrat, Y., & Bahram Arjmand, M. (2022b). Methods of using smart contracts in the cryptocurrency market. Management, Economics and Entrepreneurship Studies, 4(10), 44-55.

Kamble, S. S., Gunasekaran, A., & Sharma, R. (2020). Modeling the blockchain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 101967.

Khan, S. N., Loukil, F., & Ghedira-Guegan, C. (2021). Blockchain smart contracts: Applications, challenges, and future trends. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 14, 2901-2925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01127-0

Kyriakou, P. (2020). Cryptocurrency theft, scam and other misadventures: What prospects for international governance? https://www.ejiltalk.org/cryptocurrency-theft-scam-and-other-misadventures-what-prospects-for-international-governance/

Madanchian, M., & Taherdoost, H. (2022). The impact of digital transformation development on organizational change. In Driving Transformative Change in E-Business through Applied Intelligence and Emerging Technologies (pp. 1-24). IGI Global.

Merriam, W. (2021). Token. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/token

Moridi, Z., Mousavi, S. A., Tolouei Ashlaghi, A., & Soltani, R. (2021). Designing a blockchain-based model for intelligent agreed service level management using grounded theory. Information Management, 7(2), 24-48.

Mozaffari, M., & Naser, M. (2021). The role of smart contracts in stabilizing individuals' proprietary rights. Legal Research Quarterly, 24(95), 259-282.

Naser, M., & Sadeghi, H. (2019). Validation and legal challenges of using smart contracts: A comparative study of the Iranian and American legal systems. Private Law Research, 27, 225-288.

Nishimura, H. (2020, 2020/06/14). China takes battle for cryptocurrency hegemony to new stage. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/China-takes-battle-for-cryptocurrency-hegemony-to-new-stage

Obasogie, G. (2019). How cryptocurrency payments are reducing transaction costs globally. https://harrisonglobal.capital/2019/03/13/how-cryptocurrency-payments-are-reducing-transaction-costs-globally/

Pongnumkul, S., Bunditlurdruk, T., Chaovalit, P., & Tharatipyakul, A. (2021). A cross-sectional review of blockchain in Thailand: Research literature, education courses, and industry projects. 11(11), 68-89.

Pranto, T. H., Noman, A. A., Mahmud, A., & Haque, A. B. (2021). Blockchain and smart contract for IoT enabled smart agriculture. Peerj Computer Science, 7, e407.

Raji, N., & Sadeghi, H. (2019). Smart contracts: Legal agreements in the light of blockchain. Legal Research, 18(37), 261-288.

Ru, Y. (2026). Navigating New Frontiers in Construction Disputes: Strategically Adopting Smart Contracts and Technology Assisted Review. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 18(2), 06525007. https://doi.org/10.1061/JLADAH.LADR-1304

Sadeghi, H., & Naser, M. (2022). Analyzing the role of smart contracts in the development of the electronic document registration system. Judicial Legal Perspectives Quarterly, 23(84), 101-124.

Shelake, V. (2025). Blockchain and AI in Digital Contracts: A Legal Review of Smart Contract Enforcement. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 10(23s), 166-170. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i23s.3689

Sheth, A., & Subramanian, H. (2019). Blockchain and contract theory: Modeling smart contracts using insurance markets. Managerial Finance, 46(6), 803-814.

Soleimani, E., & Eskandari, M. (2025). A critical and comparative analysis of the nature of smart contracts in the legal systems of Iran and the United States of America. Legal Civilization, 8(23), 215-240.

Sun, Y., & Gu, L. (2021). Attention-based machine learning model for smart contract vulnerability detection. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1820, 012004.

Taherdoost, H. (2023). Smart contracts in blockchain technology: A critical review. Information, 14(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020117

Wang, Y., Singgih, M., Wang, J., & Rit, M. (2019). Making sense of blockchain technology: How will it transform supply chains? International Journal of Production Economics, 211, 221-236.

Yusuf, A., & Martinez, R. (2025). Smart Contracts and Legal Enforceability: Decoding the Political Philosophy of Code as Law. Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics, 4(2), 292-302.