Developing a Model of the Relationship Between Ability, Motivation, and Opportunity (AMO) and Human Resource Performance in the Iraqi Volleyball Federation

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to develop a model explaining the relationship between ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) and human resource performance in the Iraqi Volleyball Federation. Methodology: The research was descriptive-correlational and utilized a survey methodology. The statistical population consisted of 120 managers, deputies, and staff members of the Iraqi Volleyball Federation, selected through a census approach. Data were collected using a customized AMO-based HRM questionnaire developed via expert interviews and the Paterson Job Performance Questionnaire (1990). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS software. Findings: The results revealed that ability (β=0.741, t=3.846, p<0.001), motivation (β=0.721, t=3.621, p<0.001), and opportunity (β=0.733, t=3.721, p<0.001) all had significant and positive effects on human resource performance. The model showed a strong explanatory power with an R² of 0.704 and Q² of 0.652. The global model fit index (GOF) was 0.702, indicating a good model fit. Conclusion: The AMO framework effectively explains human resource performance in the context of a national sports federation. Enhancing employees’ capabilities, fostering motivation, and creating opportunities for participation are vital for improving organizational outcomes, particularly in developing countries like Iraq.